https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/addiction

Dsm5: Taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than you’re meant to

Wanting to cut down or stop using the substance but not managing to

Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from use of the substance

Cravings and urges to use the substance

Not managing to do what you should at work, home, or school because of substance use

Continuing to use, even when it causes problems in relationships

Giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use

Using substances again and again, even when it puts you in danger

Continuing to use, even when you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could have been caused or made worse by the substance

Needing more of the substance to get the effect you want (tolerance)

Development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance

Note that the dsm5 categorizations only needs a couple of those for it to count as a mild substance use disorder. A daily habit you can’t stop, cravings/urges, and a history of familial problems made worse by it, and withdrawal symptoms are more than enough to count without regard to the amount. I’m addicted to caffeine as are most adults I know. Hell some people can fit this definition with junk food and that counts and is valid.

I’d point out that the same tactics the tobacco industry used are the same ones being used for fossil fuels. “Clean coal” and the like are just like filtered cigarettes. The lobbying and therefore conservative backing of existing industry groups is also the same. Climate “institutes” and private studies funded by fossil companies that magically agree with industry over every other scientist and reports. Conservative media doing industry propaganda (Rush Limbaughs grave is a gender neutral bathroom) until things get bad enough that everyone gets personal experience with the outcomes. Cancer, heart attacks, skin and teeth issues, etc. There was an increase in lung cancer rates until like the 2000s for men and a little later for women. Lung cancer rates have since drastically decreased as smoking rates continue to go down.

The problem with climate change is that same sort of lag to the worst effects. These heatwaves and wildfires we’re experiencing are 30-50y from the worst of it and thats assuming we get our collective shit together tomorrow.

The definition of addiction is about a persistent and intense urge. The amount necessary to quench that urge is irrelevant.

It’s not the same level of addiction as someone who has a handle a day but a small addiction is still an addiction by definition.

Some addictions are just psychological e.g. weed, but things like coffee, nicotine, and alcohol also have physical effects upon quitting.

I don’t think Vance pulls out.

Yeah, because it’s fast and little pain can be felt before its dead. Guillotines were developed to be a more humane execution for people.

“Physical methods” (Guillotine, cardiac puncture, thoracotomy, etc) are usually a secondary confirmation of death after lethal ketamine/xylazine cocktail injection, isofluorane, or CO2 inhalation.

And yeah we’re sacrificing them to the science god to try and make new discoveries and new therapies. We’re also trying to develop ways to avoid using organisms such as organ on a chip or multiple organ on a chip systems but thats expensive af and not yet sufficient quality to replace organism testing.

Automated doors are better for germs but not good for patient privacy.

More for patient rooms than main hallways and enhances i think. Rare for those to be automated.

Hopefully they’re on palliative…

Socioeconomic causes and no meaningful change wish that was surprising.

https://www.270towin.com/2025-governor-polls/virginia

You can see it nearly even in January to now where it is a 12% gap. Polls don’t matter unless you follow it with voting though.

Effectively, sure, but you think Trump wouldn’t try to do a full on ostentatious and tacky crowning ceremony?

That’s not what evolution means nor how it works.

Lot of reasons behind the replication crisis that basically boil down to two main things. 1) fraud and 2) really miniscule stuff that isn’t practical to consider.

So 1 is pretty self explanatory. 2 for an example can be something as minute as a slight temperature change in what the animal facility is kept at. Or even the time of day animals or cells were treated.

If you’re paying to housesit then it is just an Airbnb with extra rules.

If aid isnt getting in what makes you think birth control is? When every moment could be your last you take what pleasures you can and hope for a better tomorrow.

On a basic level the stuff rural populations need/care about is different than urban populations and suburban is again different. Whether thats farming subsidies, car pollution/traffic, etc.

Dividing simply by lat x long gives all the power to the urban areas. Like a 3rd of NY lives in NYC. However you slice rural areas on the west or north of the state hundreds of miles away with very different concerns would end up getting represented by people from the city while people on the outskirts of the city get represented by rural area interests again hundreds of miles away. And you’d still have arguments about whether to slice longitude or latitude for whatever possible advantage that could give one side or another.

Then you say OK we’ll just sorta cube the city and make a big rural area and thats basically how things started in the first place. Then you have people argue they are better fit for the district next to them try and squiggly the lines et viola you’re just back to where we are now.

Really what is needed is an open-source algorithm that we agree is fair and apolitical. But fat chance of that right now.

Because you have to take into account population numbers. The same number of people represented per representative(in the house) in a given state is one of the points of census.

Don’t need to steal a lot of journals made deals.

If that were the case lemtrada and the like would have 100% relapse rates and wouldn’t be fda approved.

Aside from some comments mentioning how immune reset therapies are in fact a thing through either antibody or chemical depletion of your immune cells. These can show improvement but it is very far from curative and not too much better chances than existing immune suppression stuff.

The danger to an immune “reset” are that you are generally then able to be reinfected with every cold and flu as well. This is dangerous for older or already fragile people. The existing therapies reduce this danger by not entirely wiping memory cells out but that also means they aren’t always curative.

Beyond that autoimmune diseases in general are a mix of genetics and environmental factors (and even gut bacteria by some studies). If the underlying problem isn’t fixed then relapse is a question of when not if. It’s like adding fluid to a container with a leak, eventually you’re going to have to add more again unless you fix the leak first.

So we have to find where the “leaks” are, what they are caused by and fix the cause(s) to have something that is an actual cure. Right now we mostly know where the leaks are and some causes and can patch some up leaks up. However, we don’t have a way to fix the causes yet and we dont know all of them.

*I am a cell bio PhD but not an immunology specialist.